Your confusion starts at a very logical point, so don't worry: it's the point where the opinions of all classical dressage trainers differ: how to use the reins.
One group (the oldest masters) (lets calle them group 1) says that you should ride with hanging reins (the bit only carrying the weight of the reins) because then your horse can truly learn to carry himself as you're not influencing him all the time.
Another group (2) says that hanging reins lead to a bumpy contact and that a steady following contact is more friendly (my guess is that Josepha is in this camp
) to the mouth/nose. The first group however opposes that your hands can never follow your horse's mouth perfectly and that you will therefore produce a lot of 'noise down the line' that you teach your horse to ignore, and that your hands are slow and will need a lot of training before they can release exactly at the right time. While hanging reins release all the time, only get shortened to cue or correct - and then they are always just following earlier leg/weight cues, and are really meant as a correction.
You can divide the contact-rein group into two again: one group (2A
) that says that you do have a contact with the rein, but that you can't do anything with the reins else but give subtle cues about direction and speed, and only after you've given the cues with seat and legs first. However, you are never allowed to use the reins to put the head in a certain position, as that is something that the horse should find out on his own accord, through exercises.
Group 2B however states that you can influence the horses head position with the reins directly (squeezing the reins untill the horse flexes in the poll for example) because if you don't, your horse will move in the wrong way and instead of giving him a long(er) time to find out the right posture on his own, they want to move him like that right from the start, as it's better for his body.
Groups 2B1 states that the goal is a contactrein that helps the horse to maintain the right head position, but that the horse is really only directed by the outside rein because only then the horse is really 'through his body': so the inner rein should always be a bit lighter than the outer, even hanging through a bit as the horse is only indirectly directed by the lengthening and shortening of the outer rein. An extreme of that school is for example the Belgian rider Antoine de Bod, who spends the first training sessions doing nothing but asking the horse to trot forwards through the arena with only a outer rein contact (sometimes with that hand pushed against the front of the saddle in order to not give to any pushing of the horse), and the horse looking to the outside of the arena all the time in order to straighten him.
Group 2B2 disagrees with that method as according to them the horse shouldn't be allowed to move when he is not straight. So they do straightening exercises with the reins in halt (Baucherists - up to Anky) untill the horses releases his tension, flexes at the poll and releases the bit, only then to ride with two contact reins forwards again.
Then 2B2-A (or actually 2B1-A
) Disagrees with 2B2 and says that relaxation can only come in movement and that suppling exercises in halt only teach the horse to escape the bit (also their comment on group 1 by the way). However, they also disagree with 2B1 because the horse should be supple on two reins, not just on the outside rein and that holding only one rein moves the bit in the wrong way and is confusing for the horse. Their solution: move the horse forwards against both the reins instead of one untill he flexes in the poll. So they place both hands against the front of the saddle and ride in a brisk trot untill the horse give to the bit.
Well...
That's a start. And then we haven't even discussed the height of the hands, which is an area of almost even more discussion!
I guess that everybody should pick & choose a method of their own. My choice is to not work with reins whenever possible, and if I have to (when driving on the road for example, when we do nothing dressage-like and just go forwards ), I have something between loose reins and a soft contact. And that is because with the carriage on the streets, even though I cue a lot with the whip, the reins act as a restriction when the ponies think ' but why turn left when the grass in front of us looks so tasty?' (a very annoying and common problem with Shetlands..
).
Why do others use reins in the way they do? I know they all have their reasons, and even more reasons why not to do it in another way. I followed my own thoughts of what I felt was right - and now even don't agree with them anymore, so why tell others that my rein-handling was the only right one?
In the past when still long reining with a halter I chose not to use reins whenever possible to solve that problem for me.
I followed the thought that the reins can only cue for exercises, directions and speed and that they shouldn't be used to place the head in a certain position or to force the horse to relax through direct actions of the bit. As I believe that true collection and relaxation only stem from a correct use of the back and hindquarters, I would also act like that and would not go and try to fix the problems over there by forcing, squeezing or playing with my hands to get the head in certain positions. That would only fix the symptoms, not the real problems. And if I did cue with the reins (too much still for my liking then), they were always preceded by voicecues (halt, trot, left, right, slow, faster etc., we had quite a vocabulary!) and my own bodylanguage - with the reins really hanging through untill I gave a cue with them.
And now we don't use reins to train anymore and really only work from back to front in order to get the right posture. And that feels even better.